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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.alt.md
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# 게스트의 write() 가 virtqueue 에 실리기까지
## Alternative text
게스트 사용자 공간의 PostgreSQL/Keycloak 에서 시작한 write() 가 게스트 커널의 VFS, ext4/XFS, Guest Page Cache, Guest Block Layer, /dev/vda, virtio-blk Frontend 를 거쳐 virtqueue 에 도달하는 위에서 아래로 읽는 흐름도.
## Long description
위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 Guest Userspace 구역에 PostgreSQL / Keycloak 이 있고 write() 가 게스트 커널로 내려간다. Guest Kernel 구역 안에서 VFS 가 먼저 받고, ext4 / XFS 가 파일을 block 공간에 배치하고, Guest Page Cache 가 그 내용을 dirty page 로 받아 두었다가 writeback 으로 Guest Block Layer 에 내려보낸다. Guest Block Layer 는 그것을 WRITE 나 FLUSH 요청으로 바꿔 /dev/vda 에 걸고, virtio-blk Frontend 가 그 요청을 virtqueue 에 게시한다. virtqueue 아래의 VM Boundary 부터는 QEMU 와 호스트 계층이라 이 그림에서 잘랐다. 완료가 같은 virtqueue 로 되돌아오는 역방향은 SSOT 의 다른 절이 대는 사실이라 이 그림에 넣지 않았고 본문 문단이 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **Boundary: Guest Userspace** (boundary): 게스트 사용자 공간. 저장장치를 직접 다루지 않는다. Evidence: L5807–L5809.
- **Boundary: Guest Kernel** (boundary): 게스트 커널 공간. VM Boundary 위쪽 계층이 전부 여기 있다. Evidence: L5815–L5833.
- **PostgreSQL / Keycloak** (service): 파일 연산을 요청하는 게스트 프로세스. Evidence: L5807–L5809, L5885–L5885, L5811–L5813.
- **VFS** (service): 열린 파일이 어느 filesystem 구현에 속하는지 보고 연산을 넘기는 공통 계층. Evidence: L5815–L5817, L5905–L5905.
- **ext4 / XFS** (service): 파일과 디렉터리를 block 공간에 배치하는 게스트 filesystem. Evidence: L5819–L5819.
- **Guest Page Cache** (store): 게스트 RAM 에 있는 cache. write() 가 성공해도 데이터는 아직 여기까지만 확정된다. Evidence: L5821–L5821.
- **Guest Block Layer** (service): 파일 세계의 요청을 block device 세계의 요청으로 바꾸는 계층. Evidence: L5825–L5825.
- **/dev/vda** (device): 게스트 Linux 가 하나의 block device 로 인식하는 이름. Evidence: L5829–L5829, L5879–L5879.
- **virtio-blk Frontend** (service): 그 가상 block device 를 제어하는 게스트 커널 driver. Evidence: L5831–L5831, L5789–L5789.
- **virtqueue** (queue): 요청이 실리는 자리. 바로 아래가 VM Boundary 다. Evidence: L5833–L5835.
## Relationships
- **PostgreSQL / Keycloak → VFS:** data. Evidence: L5811–L5813, L5890–L5890.
- **VFS → ext4 / XFS:** data. Evidence: L5817–L5819.
- **ext4 / XFS → Guest Page Cache:** data. Evidence: L5819–L5821.
- **Guest Page Cache → Guest Block Layer:** writeback. Evidence: L5823–L5825.
- **Guest Block Layer → /dev/vda:** WRITE / FLUSH. Evidence: L5827–L5829.
- **/dev/vda → virtio-blk Frontend:** data. Evidence: L5829–L5831.
- **virtio-blk Frontend → virtqueue:** Virtio block request. Evidence: L5831–L5833.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.d2
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# 게스트의 write() 가 virtqueue 에 실리기까지
# Question: 게스트 애플리케이션의 write() 는 virtqueue 에 실리기 전에 게스트의 어느 계층을 어떤 순서로 지나는가
direction: down
g0: "Guest Userspace" {
n0: "PostgreSQL / Keycloak" {
shape: rectangle
}
}
g1: "Guest Kernel" {
n1: "VFS" {
shape: rectangle
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n2: "ext4 / XFS" {
shape: rectangle
}
n3: "Guest Page Cache" {
shape: rectangle
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n4: "Guest Block Layer" {
shape: rectangle
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n5: "/dev/vda" {
shape: rectangle
}
n6: "virtio-blk Frontend" {
shape: rectangle
}
n7: "virtqueue" {
shape: queue
}
}
g0.n0 -> g1.n1
g1.n1 -> g1.n2
g1.n2 -> g1.n3
g1.n3 -> g1.n4: "writeback"
g1.n4 -> g1.n5: "WRITE / FLUSH"
g1.n5 -> g1.n6
g1.n6 -> g1.n7: "Virtio block request"
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.drawio
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<mxfile host="app.diagrams.net" modified="2026-07-23T00:00:00.000Z" agent="techviz-harness" version="24.7.17" type="device">
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<mxCell id="n_fs" value="ext4 / XFS" tooltip="파일과 디렉터리를 block 공간에 배치하는 게스트 filesystem. | Evidence: L5819-L5819" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="n_vda" value="/dev/vda" tooltip="게스트 Linux 가 하나의 block device 로 인식하는 이름. | Evidence: L5829-L5829, L5879-L5879" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="n_virtio-blk" value="virtio-blk Frontend" tooltip="그 가상 block device 를 제어하는 게스트 커널 driver. | Evidence: L5831-L5831, L5789-L5789" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="n_virtqueue" value="virtqueue" tooltip="요청이 실리는 자리. 바로 아래가 VM Boundary 다. | Evidence: L5833-L5835" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;strokeColor=#2563eb;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.excalidraw
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.manifest.json
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.mmd
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%% 게스트의 write() 가 virtqueue 에 실리기까지
%% question: 게스트 애플리케이션의 write() 는 virtqueue 에 실리기 전에 게스트의 어느 계층을 어떤 순서로 지나는가
flowchart TB
subgraph g_guest_userspace["Guest Userspace"]
n0["PostgreSQL / Keycloak"]
end
subgraph g_guest_kernel["Guest Kernel"]
n1["VFS"]
n2["ext4 / XFS"]
n3["Guest Page Cache"]
n4["Guest Block Layer"]
n5["/dev/vda"]
n6["virtio-blk Frontend"]
n7(["virtqueue"])
end
n0 --> n1
n1 --> n2
n2 --> n3
n3 -->|"writeback"| n4
n4 -->|"WRITE / FLUSH"| n5
n5 --> n6
n6 -->|"Virtio block request"| n7
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue/guest-block-io-to-virtqueue.svg
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<title id="diagram-title">게스트의 write() 가 virtqueue 에 실리기까지</title>
<desc id="diagram-description">위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 Guest Userspace 구역에 PostgreSQL / Keycloak 이 있고 write() 가 게스트 커널로 내려간다. Guest Kernel 구역 안에서 VFS 가 먼저 받고, ext4 / XFS 가 파일을 block 공간에 배치하고, Guest Page Cache 가 그 내용을 dirty page 로 받아 두었다가 writeback 으로 Guest Block Layer 에 내려보낸다. Guest Block Layer 는 그것을 WRITE 나 FLUSH 요청으로 바꿔 /dev/vda 에 걸고, virtio-blk Frontend 가 그 요청을 virtqueue 에 게시한다. virtqueue 아래의 VM Boundary 부터는 QEMU 와 호스트 계층이라 이 그림에서 잘랐다. 완료가 같은 virtqueue 로 되돌아오는 역방향은 SSOT 의 다른 절이 대는 사실이라 이 그림에 넣지 않았고 본문 문단이 맡는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-memory-address-translation-path/guest-memory-address-translation-path.alt.md
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# Guest 의 메모리 접근 한 번은 이름이 두 번 바뀌며 네 계층을 지난다
## Alternative text
Guest 구역 안에서 Keycloak · PostgreSQL 의 GVA 가 Guest TLB 와 Guest Page Table 을 지나 GPA 가 되고, VM Boundary 를 넘어 EPT 에서 HPA 가 된 뒤 Host RAM 구역의 Host Physical Memory 를 지나 NUMA Node 0 과 NUMA Node 1 로 갈라지는 주소 변환 경로도.
## Long description
위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 Guest 구역 안에 Keycloak · PostgreSQL 이 있고 그 접근은 GVA 로 Guest TLB 에 들어간다. TLB 에 변환이 없으면 TLB Miss 로 Guest Page Table 을 조회하고 거기서 GVA 가 GPA 가 된다. 그 GPA 는 VM Boundary 를 넘어 Guest 구역 밖의 EPT 로 가고 EPT 가 GPA 를 HPA 로 바꾼다. HPA 는 Host RAM 구역의 Host Physical Memory 에 닿고, 그 physical page 는 맨 아래에서 NUMA Node 0 또는 NUMA Node 1 가운데 한쪽에 놓인다. 상자 안 작은 글씨는 그 단계가 어느 계층인지와 무엇을 무엇으로 바꾸는지를 적은 것이다. 어느 단계에서 접근이 완료되지 못할 때 무엇이 일어나는지와 QEMU 가 이 경로를 어떻게 준비하는지는 본문의 문단과 표가 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **Boundary: Guest** (boundary): VM Boundary 안쪽. Guest Userspace 와 Guest Kernel 이 여기 있고 GVA 가 GPA 가 되는 첫 번째 변환이 여기서 끝난다. Evidence: L4034–L4053.
- **Boundary: Host RAM** (boundary): 변환이 끝난 주소가 닿는 실제 서버 메모리. Evidence: L4069–L4079.
- **Keycloak · PostgreSQL** (actor): Guest 안에서 메모리를 읽는 프로세스. 여기서 GVA 가 출발한다. Evidence: L4034–L4038.
- **Guest TLB** (component): 최근 변환 결과를 담아 두는 CPU 안의 캐시. Evidence: L4043–L4045.
- **Guest Page Table** (component): GVA 를 GPA 로 바꾸는 첫 번째 변환 표. Evidence: L4048–L4053.
- **EPT** (component): VM Boundary 바깥에서 GPA 를 HPA 로 바꾸는 두 번째 변환 표. KVM 과 CPU 가 맡는다. Evidence: L4055–L4067.
- **Host Physical Memory** (store): HPA 가 가리키는 실제 서버 메모리. Evidence: L4069–L4072.
- **NUMA Node 0** (store): physical page 가 놓일 수 있는 한쪽 NUMA node. Evidence: L4073–L4075.
- **NUMA Node 1** (store): physical page 가 놓일 수 있는 다른 쪽 NUMA node. Evidence: L4073–L4075.
## Relationships
- **EPT → Host Physical Memory:** HPA. Evidence: L4062–L4071.
- **Host Physical Memory → NUMA Node 0:** Physical Page. Evidence: L4071–L4075.
- **Host Physical Memory → NUMA Node 1:** Physical Page. Evidence: L4071–L4075.
- **Guest Page Table → EPT:** VM Boundary. Evidence: L4053–L4062.
- **Keycloak · PostgreSQL → Guest TLB:** GVA. Evidence: L4036–L4043.
- **Guest TLB → Guest Page Table:** TLB Miss. Evidence: L4043–L4048.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-memory-address-translation-path/guest-memory-address-translation-path.d2
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# Guest 의 메모리 접근 한 번은 이름이 두 번 바뀌며 네 계층을 지난다
# Question: Guest 프로세스가 읽은 주소는 어느 계층을 차례로 지나 어떤 물리 메모리에 닿는가
direction: down
g0: "Guest" {
n0: "Keycloak · PostgreSQL" {
shape: person
}
n1: "Guest TLB" {
shape: rectangle
}
n2: "Guest Page Table" {
shape: rectangle
}
}
g1: "Host RAM" {
n4: "Host Physical Memory" {
shape: rectangle
}
n5: "NUMA Node 0" {
shape: rectangle
}
n6: "NUMA Node 1" {
shape: rectangle
}
}
n3: "EPT" {
shape: rectangle
}
g0.n0 -> g0.n1: "GVA"
g0.n1 -> g0.n2: "TLB Miss"
g0.n2 -> n3: "VM Boundary"
n3 -> g1.n4: "HPA"
g1.n4 -> g1.n5: "Physical Page"
g1.n4 -> g1.n6: "Physical Page"
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-memory-address-translation-path/guest-memory-address-translation-path.drawio
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<mxCell id="n_host-physical-memory" value="Host Physical Memory" tooltip="HPA 가 가리키는 실제 서버 메모리. | Evidence: L4069-L4072" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="n_numa-node-0" value="NUMA Node 0" tooltip="physical page 가 놓일 수 있는 한쪽 NUMA node. | Evidence: L4073-L4075" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="n_numa-node-1" value="NUMA Node 1" tooltip="physical page 가 놓일 수 있는 다른 쪽 NUMA node. | Evidence: L4073-L4075" style="whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;rounded=1;strokeWidth=2;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fillColor=#ffffff;strokeColor=#2d4357;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-memory-address-translation-path/guest-memory-address-translation-path.excalidraw
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%% Guest 의 메모리 접근 한 번은 이름이 두 번 바뀌며 네 계층을 지난다
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flowchart TB
subgraph g_guest["Guest"]
n0(["Keycloak · PostgreSQL"])
n1["Guest TLB"]
n2["Guest Page Table"]
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subgraph g_host_ram["Host RAM"]
n4["Host Physical Memory"]
n5["NUMA Node 0"]
n6["NUMA Node 1"]
end
n3["EPT"]
n0 -->|"GVA"| n1
n1 -->|"TLB Miss"| n2
n2 -->|"VM Boundary"| n3
n3 -->|"HPA"| n4
n4 -->|"Physical Page"| n5
n4 -->|"Physical Page"| n6
classDef external stroke-dasharray: 6 4
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/guest-memory-address-translation-path/guest-memory-address-translation-path.svg
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/numa-vcpu-and-memory-placement/numa-vcpu-and-memory-placement.alt.md
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# vCPU 를 Node 0 에 묶어도 backing 이 Node 1 에 있으면 접근은 remote 로 남는다
## Alternative text
QEMU vCPU Thread, VM1 Memory Backing, Node 0 CPU, Node 0 RAM, Node 1 RAM 다섯 참여자 사이의 순서도. 앞 세 메시지는 pinning 만 한 배치에서 접근이 Node 1 RAM 으로 가는 것을, 뒤 두 메시지는 memory 를 Node 0 에 묶은 배치에서 같은 접근이 Node 0 RAM 으로 가는 것을 보인다.
## Long description
참여자는 왼쪽부터 QEMU vCPU Thread, VM1 Memory Backing, Node 0 CPU, Node 0 RAM, Node 1 RAM 다섯이다. 메시지는 위에서 아래로 읽는다. 1번에서 vCPU thread 가 Node 0 CPU 에 pinning 되고, 2번에서 VM1 의 memory backing 이 Node 1 에 놓인다. 그 배치에서 3번의 memory 접근은 Node 1 RAM 으로 가고 이것이 remote access 다. Node 0 과 Node 1 사이에는 interconnect 가 있어 이 접근만 그 구간을 건넌다. 4번과 5번은 그 뒤에 일어나는 다른 사건이 아니라 배치를 고친 구성이다. memory placement 와 binding 까지 Node 0 으로 맞추면 같은 접근이 Node 0 RAM 으로 가고 local access 가 된다. 접근 비용이 실제로 얼마나 차이 나는지, 이 Host 가 몇 개의 node 를 가졌는지는 그림이 말하지 않는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **QEMU vCPU Thread** (process): Guest vCPU 가 Host 에서 갖는 실체. Host scheduler 가 이것을 logical CPU 에 올린다. Evidence: L3315–L3324.
- **VM1 Memory Backing** (memory): 그 가상 머신의 Host physical backing page 가 놓이는 자리. Evidence: L3327–L3327, L3352–L3354, L3381–L3382.
- **Node 0 CPU** (compute): vCPU thread 가 실행되는 logical CPU. NUMA Node 0 에 속한다. Evidence: L3322–L3330.
- **Node 0 RAM** (memory): Node 0 CPU 와 같은 node 의 RAM. Evidence: L3288–L3296, L3373–L3382.
- **Node 1 RAM** (memory): 다른 node 의 RAM. Node 0 CPU 가 읽으면 interconnect 를 건넌다. Evidence: L3299–L3306, L3334–L3334.
## Relationships
- **QEMU vCPU Thread → Node 0 CPU:** vCPU Pinning. Evidence: L3322–L3324, L3347–L3350.
- **VM1 Memory Backing → Node 1 RAM:** Memory Placement. Evidence: L3327–L3327, L3352–L3354.
- **Node 0 CPU → Node 1 RAM:** Remote Access. Evidence: L3329–L3339, L3356–L3357.
- **VM1 Memory Backing → Node 0 RAM:** Memory Binding. Evidence: L3361–L3366, L3381–L3382.
- **Node 0 CPU → Node 0 RAM:** Local Access. Evidence: L3288–L3296, L3373–L3382.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/numa-vcpu-and-memory-placement/numa-vcpu-and-memory-placement.d2
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# vCPU 를 Node 0 에 묶어도 backing 이 Node 1 에 있으면 접근은 remote 로 남는다
# Question: vCPU pinning 만 한 배치와 memory binding 까지 맞춘 배치에서 같은 memory 접근은 각각 어느 node 의 RAM 에 닿는가
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/numa-vcpu-and-memory-placement/numa-vcpu-and-memory-placement.drawio
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%% vCPU 를 Node 0 에 묶어도 backing 이 Node 1 에 있으면 접근은 remote 로 남는다
%% question: vCPU pinning 만 한 배치와 memory binding 까지 맞춘 배치에서 같은 memory 접근은 각각 어느 node 의 RAM 에 닿는가
sequenceDiagram
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n0->>n2: vCPU Pinning
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<desc id="diagram-description">참여자는 왼쪽부터 QEMU vCPU Thread, VM1 Memory Backing, Node 0 CPU, Node 0 RAM, Node 1 RAM 다섯이다. 메시지는 위에서 아래로 읽는다. 1번에서 vCPU thread 가 Node 0 CPU 에 pinning 되고, 2번에서 VM1 의 memory backing 이 Node 1 에 놓인다. 그 배치에서 3번의 memory 접근은 Node 1 RAM 으로 가고 이것이 remote access 다. Node 0 과 Node 1 사이에는 interconnect 가 있어 이 접근만 그 구간을 건넌다. 4번과 5번은 그 뒤에 일어나는 다른 사건이 아니라 배치를 고친 구성이다. memory placement 와 binding 까지 Node 0 으로 맞추면 같은 접근이 Node 0 RAM 으로 가고 local access 가 된다. 접근 비용이 실제로 얼마나 차이 나는지, 이 Host 가 몇 개의 node 를 가졌는지는 그림이 말하지 않는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/packet-control-and-data-paths/packet-control-and-data-paths.alt.md
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# control/setup path 는 QEMU 를 지나고 data path 는 backend 에 따라 QEMU 를 지나기도 안 지나기도 한다
## Alternative text
위쪽 줄은 virsh, libvirt, QEMU, virtio-net Device Model 로 이어지는 control/setup path 이고 아래쪽 줄은 Physical NIC 에서 TAP 까지 이어지는 data path 다. 두 줄이 vhost-net 과 QEMU virtio backend 에서 만나 virtqueue 를 지나 Guest 로 모이는 구성도.
## Long description
왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 읽는다. 위쪽 줄이 control/setup path 다. virsh 에서 libvirt 와 QEMU 를 지나 virtio-net Device Model 에 닿고, 그 device model 이 virtual NIC 생성과 feature negotiation, virtqueue 설정, vhost-net backend 설정을 맡는다. 아래쪽 줄이 data path 다. Physical NIC 에서 Physical NIC Driver 와 Linux Bridge, TAP 까지 온다. 두 줄은 네 번째 열 다음에서 만난다. device model 은 점선으로 backend 둘을 설정하고, TAP 은 실선으로 그 둘 가운데 실제로 쓰는 쪽에 packet 을 넘긴다. vhost-net 을 쓰면 packet 은 Host Kernel 안에서 처리돼 QEMU 사용자 공간을 지나지 않고, QEMU virtio backend 를 쓰면 같은 packet 이 QEMU 사용자 공간을 지난다. 어느 쪽이든 virtqueue 에서 만나 Guest 로 올라간다. 이 Host 가 둘 중 어느 backend 를 쓰고 있는지는 그림이 말하지 않는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **virsh** (cli): VM/network 관리 CLI. packet datapath 에는 직접 참여하지 않는다. Evidence: L5662–L5662, L5687–L5689.
- **libvirt** (service): VM lifecycle 과 NIC/network configuration 을 관리한다. Evidence: L5663–L5663, L5691–L5691.
- **QEMU** (process): 실제로 실행되는 프로세스. 이 안에 virtio-net device model 이 있다. Evidence: L5666–L5666, L5693–L5693.
- **virtio-net Device Model** (service): control/setup path 가 닿는 자리. 장치를 만들고 backend 를 연결한다. Evidence: L5666–L5666, L5695–L5700.
- **Physical NIC** (hardware): 밖에서 온 packet 이 처음 닿는 하드웨어. Evidence: L5706–L5708.
- **Physical NIC Driver** (driver): 그 하드웨어를 제어하는 Host kernel driver. Evidence: L5674–L5674, L5710–L5710.
- **Linux Bridge /
Routing / NAT** (network): L2 software switch 와 L3 routing, 주소 변환이 놓이는 자리. Evidence: L5672–L5673, L5712–L5712.
- **TAP** (network): VM 의 Ethernet frame 과 Host Linux networking 을 잇는 접점. Evidence: L5671–L5671, L5714–L5714.
- **vhost-net** (kernel): 반복되는 packet datapath 를 Host kernel 에서 처리하는 backend. Evidence: L5669–L5669, L5716–L5716.
- **QEMU virtio backend** (process): vhost-net 을 쓰지 않을 때 datapath backend 를 맡는 쪽. Evidence: L5668–L5668, L5742–L5742.
- **virtqueue** (queue): Guest 와 Host backend 가 I/O buffer 를 주고받는 descriptor 기반 공유 큐. Evidence: L5667–L5667, L5718–L5718.
- **Guest** (service): packet 이 올라가 애플리케이션 socket 에 닿는 쪽. Evidence: L5664–L5665, L5720–L5726.
## Relationships
- **Linux Bridge /
Routing / NAT → TAP:** Ethernet Frame. Evidence: L5671–L5671, L5712–L5714.
- **Physical NIC Driver → Linux Bridge /
Routing / NAT:** L2 forwarding. Evidence: L5672–L5672, L5710–L5712.
- **libvirt → QEMU:** NIC/network configuration. Evidence: L5663–L5663, L5691–L5693.
- **Physical NIC → Physical NIC Driver:** Ethernet Frame. Evidence: L5671–L5671, L5708–L5710.
- **QEMU virtio backend → virtqueue:** Data Path. Evidence: L5729–L5729, L5742–L5744.
- **QEMU → virtio-net Device Model:** QEMU process. Evidence: L5666–L5666, L5693–L5695.
- **virtio-net Device Model → QEMU virtio backend:** control. Evidence: L5668–L5668, L5700–L5700.
- **virtio-net Device Model → vhost-net:** vhost-net backend 설정. Evidence: L5700–L5700, L5716–L5716.
- **TAP → QEMU virtio backend:** data. Evidence: L5729–L5729, L5740–L5742.
- **TAP → vhost-net:** vhost-net 사용. Evidence: L5703–L5703, L5714–L5716.
- **vhost-net → virtqueue:** Data Path. Evidence: L5703–L5703, L5716–L5718.
- **virsh → libvirt:** Control / Setup. Evidence: L5662–L5663, L5684–L5691.
- **virtqueue → Guest:** virtio-net Frontend Driver. Evidence: L5664–L5664, L5718–L5726.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/packet-control-and-data-paths/packet-control-and-data-paths.d2
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# control/setup path 는 QEMU 를 지나고 data path 는 backend 에 따라 QEMU 를 지나기도 안 지나기도 한다
# Question: 설정하는 경로와 packet 이 흐르는 경로는 어디에서 갈라지고, 그 두 갈래 가운데 어느 쪽이 QEMU 사용자 공간을 지나는가
direction: down
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n5 -> n6: "L2 forwarding"
n6 -> n7: "Ethernet Frame"
n3 -> n8: "vhost-net backend 설정"
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n7 -> n8: "vhost-net 사용"
n7 -> n9
n8 -> n10: "Data Path"
n9 -> n10: "Data Path"
n10 -> n11: "virtio-net Frontend Driver"
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/packet-control-and-data-paths/packet-control-and-data-paths.drawio
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/packet-control-and-data-paths/packet-control-and-data-paths.excalidraw
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/packet-control-and-data-paths/packet-control-and-data-paths.mmd
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%% control/setup path 는 QEMU 를 지나고 data path 는 backend 에 따라 QEMU 를 지나기도 안 지나기도 한다
%% question: 설정하는 경로와 packet 이 흐르는 경로는 어디에서 갈라지고, 그 두 갈래 가운데 어느 쪽이 QEMU 사용자 공간을 지나는가
flowchart TB
n0["virsh"]
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n2["QEMU"]
n3["virtio-net Device Model"]
n4["Physical NIC"]
n5["Physical NIC Driver"]
n6["Linux Bridge /<br/>Routing / NAT"]
n7["TAP"]
n8["vhost-net"]
n9["QEMU virtio backend"]
n10(["virtqueue"])
n11["Guest"]
n0 -->|"Control / Setup"| n1
n1 -->|"NIC/network configuration"| n2
n2 -->|"QEMU process"| n3
n4 -->|"Ethernet Frame"| n5
n5 -->|"L2 forwarding"| n6
n6 -->|"Ethernet Frame"| n7
n3 -->|"vhost-net backend 설정"| n8
n3 --> n9
n7 -->|"vhost-net 사용"| n8
n7 --> n9
n8 -->|"Data Path"| n10
n9 -->|"Data Path"| n10
n10 -->|"virtio-net Frontend Driver"| n11
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/packet-control-and-data-paths/packet-control-and-data-paths.svg
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<title id="diagram-title">control/setup path 는 QEMU 를 지나고 data path 는 backend 에 따라 QEMU 를 지나기도 안 지나기도 한다</title>
<desc id="diagram-description">왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 읽는다. 위쪽 줄이 control/setup path 다. virsh 에서 libvirt 와 QEMU 를 지나 virtio-net Device Model 에 닿고, 그 device model 이 virtual NIC 생성과 feature negotiation, virtqueue 설정, vhost-net backend 설정을 맡는다. 아래쪽 줄이 data path 다. Physical NIC 에서 Physical NIC Driver 와 Linux Bridge, TAP 까지 온다. 두 줄은 네 번째 열 다음에서 만난다. device model 은 점선으로 backend 둘을 설정하고, TAP 은 실선으로 그 둘 가운데 실제로 쓰는 쪽에 packet 을 넘긴다. vhost-net 을 쓰면 packet 은 Host Kernel 안에서 처리돼 QEMU 사용자 공간을 지나지 않고, QEMU virtio backend 를 쓰면 같은 packet 이 QEMU 사용자 공간을 지난다. 어느 쪽이든 virtqueue 에서 만나 Guest 로 올라간다. 이 Host 가 둘 중 어느 backend 를 쓰고 있는지는 그림이 말하지 않는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.alt.md
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# 세 fault 는 변환 사슬의 서로 다른 단계에서 갈라져 나가 서로 다른 계층이 받는다
## Alternative text
Guest Page Table 과 EPT, QEMU 의 Guest RAM Backing 에서 각각 fault 가 갈라져 Guest Kernel · KVM · Host Kernel 로 가는 갈래도.
## Long description
위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 왼쪽에 Guest Page Table 이 있고 거기서 갈래가 둘이다. 하나는 Guest Page Fault 로 Guest Kernel 에 빠지고, 다른 하나는 GPA 를 들고 아래 EPT 로 내려간다. EPT 에서도 갈래가 나뉘어 EPT Violation 은 VM Exit 을 거쳐 KVM 으로 간다. 맨 위 오른쪽에는 QEMU 의 Guest RAM Backing 이 따로 있고 그쪽 갈래인 Host Page Fault 는 Host Kernel 로 간다. 받는 자리의 이름이 그대로 계층 이름이다 — Guest Kernel · KVM · Host Kernel. QEMU 갈래가 EPT 갈래와 선으로 이어져 있지 않은 것은 근거 문서가 둘을 잇는 문장을 두지 않았기 때문이다. 다섯 원인이 무엇인지와 두 사건을 항목별로 견주는 것은 본문의 표가 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **Guest Page Table** (component): 첫 번째 translation 단계. 여기서 접근을 완료할 수 없으면 Guest Page Fault 가 난다. Evidence: L2443–L2445, L2484–L2485.
- **Guest Kernel** (service): Guest Page Fault 를 받는 계층. Evidence: L2487–L2487, L2493–L2494.
- **EPT** (component): 두 번째 translation 단계. Guest translation 이 성공한 뒤 여기서 막히면 EPT Violation 이 난다. Evidence: L2465–L2469, L2484–L2485.
- **KVM** (service): EPT Violation 을 VM Exit 뒤에 받는 계층. Evidence: L2471–L2473, L2487–L2487.
- **QEMU · Guest RAM Backing** (store): Host 의 일반 userspace 메모리로 관리되는 자리. demand allocation 이나 reclaim, swap 때문에 여기서 fault 가 난다. Evidence: L2504–L2504, L2514–L2519.
- **Host Kernel** (service): Host Page Fault 를 받아 필요한 Host page 를 처리하는 계층. Evidence: L2521–L2525.
## Relationships
- **EPT → KVM:** EPT Violation · VM Exit. Evidence: L2467–L2473, L2487–L2487.
- **Guest Page Table → Guest Kernel:** Guest Page Fault. Evidence: L2484–L2487, L2493–L2494.
- **QEMU · Guest RAM Backing → Host Kernel:** Host Page Fault. Evidence: L2517–L2525.
- **Guest Page Table → EPT:** GPA. Evidence: L2461–L2467.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.d2
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# 세 fault 는 변환 사슬의 서로 다른 단계에서 갈라져 나가 서로 다른 계층이 받는다
# Question: Guest Page Fault · EPT Violation · Host Page Fault 는 각각 어느 단계에서 갈라지고 누가 받는가
direction: down
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n1: "Guest Kernel" {
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n2: "EPT" {
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n3: "KVM" {
shape: rectangle
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n4: "QEMU · Guest RAM Backing" {
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n5: "Host Kernel" {
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n0 -> n2: "GPA"
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.drawio
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.excalidraw
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.manifest.json
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.mmd
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%% 세 fault 는 변환 사슬의 서로 다른 단계에서 갈라져 나가 서로 다른 계층이 받는다
%% question: Guest Page Fault · EPT Violation · Host Page Fault 는 각각 어느 단계에서 갈라지고 누가 받는가
flowchart TB
n0["Guest Page Table"]
n1["Guest Kernel"]
n2["EPT"]
n3["KVM"]
n4["QEMU · Guest RAM Backing"]
n5["Host Kernel"]
n0 -.->|"Guest Page Fault"| n1
n0 -->|"GPA"| n2
n2 -.->|"EPT Violation · VM Exit"| n3
n4 -.->|"Host Page Fault"| n5
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm/page-fault-layers-in-a-vm.svg
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="685" height="523" viewBox="0 0 685 523" role="img" aria-labelledby="diagram-title diagram-description">
<title id="diagram-title">세 fault 는 변환 사슬의 서로 다른 단계에서 갈라져 나가 서로 다른 계층이 받는다</title>
<desc id="diagram-description">위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 왼쪽에 Guest Page Table 이 있고 거기서 갈래가 둘이다. 하나는 Guest Page Fault 로 Guest Kernel 에 빠지고, 다른 하나는 GPA 를 들고 아래 EPT 로 내려간다. EPT 에서도 갈래가 나뉘어 EPT Violation 은 VM Exit 을 거쳐 KVM 으로 간다. 맨 위 오른쪽에는 QEMU 의 Guest RAM Backing 이 따로 있고 그쪽 갈래인 Host Page Fault 는 Host Kernel 로 간다. 받는 자리의 이름이 그대로 계층 이름이다 — Guest Kernel · KVM · Host Kernel. QEMU 갈래가 EPT 갈래와 선으로 이어져 있지 않은 것은 근거 문서가 둘을 잇는 문장을 두지 않았기 때문이다. 다섯 원인이 무엇인지와 두 사건을 항목별로 견주는 것은 본문의 표가 맡는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate.alt.md
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# balloon target 은 VM Boundary 를 건너 driver 에 닿고 확보한 page 는 같은 경계를 되건너 온다
## Alternative text
virtio-balloon Driver, virtqueue, QEMU virtio-balloon Device, Host Memory Management 네 참여자 사이의 순서도. 앞 세 메시지는 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 Guest 안으로 들어가고 뒤 세 메시지는 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 Host 로 돌아온다.
## Long description
참여자는 왼쪽부터 Guest kernel 의 virtio-balloon Driver, virtqueue, QEMU virtio-balloon Device, Host Memory Management 네 개다. 메시지는 위에서 아래로 읽는다. 1번은 Host Memory Management 가 QEMU 쪽 device 에 balloon target 조정을 보내는 것이고, 2번에서 그 요청이 virtqueue 로 내려가면서 VM Boundary 를 넘고, 3번에서 Guest kernel 의 driver 에 balloon target 이 닿는다. 여기서 방향이 바뀐다. 4번에서 driver 가 확보한 Guest page 를 virtqueue 에 올리고, 5번에서 그것이 다시 VM Boundary 를 넘어 QEMU 쪽 device 로 가고, 6번에서 device 가 Host Memory Management 에 회수 가능 backing 으로 넘긴다. target 을 올릴 때와 내릴 때 Guest 가 쓸 수 있는 memory 가 어느 쪽으로 움직이는지는 본문의 표가 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **virtio-balloon Driver** (driver): Guest kernel 쪽 balloon driver. target 을 받아 Guest page 를 확보한다. Evidence: L3013–L3015, L3046–L3046.
- **virtqueue** (queue): Guest 와 QEMU 가 balloon 요청을 주고받는 공유 큐. VM Boundary 바로 안쪽이다. Evidence: L3017–L3017.
- **QEMU virtio-balloon
Device** (service): Host 쪽 balloon device. 경계를 넘어온 내용을 Host memory management 로 넘긴다. Evidence: L3022–L3022, L3037–L3041.
- **Host Memory
Management** (service): balloon target 을 정하는 쪽이자 회수 기회가 생기는 자리. Evidence: L3025–L3025, L3034–L3037.
## Relationships
- **Host Memory
Management → QEMU virtio-balloon
Device:** Balloon target 조정. Evidence: L3034–L3041.
- **QEMU virtio-balloon
Device → virtqueue:** VM Boundary. Evidence: L3017–L3022, L3041–L3046.
- **virtqueue → virtio-balloon Driver:** Balloon target. Evidence: L3013–L3017, L3043–L3046.
- **virtio-balloon Driver → virtqueue:** Guest pages 확보. Evidence: L3046–L3050.
- **virtqueue → QEMU virtio-balloon
Device:** VM Boundary. Evidence: L3017–L3025.
- **QEMU virtio-balloon
Device → Host Memory
Management:** 회수 가능 backing. Evidence: L3022–L3028, L3077–L3079.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate.d2
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# balloon target 은 VM Boundary 를 건너 driver 에 닿고 확보한 page 는 같은 경계를 되건너 온다
# Question: Host 가 balloon target 을 바꾸면 그 요청은 어떤 순서로 어느 경계를 건너 Guest 안의 driver 까지 가고, 확보된 page 는 어떻게 Host 로 돌아오는가
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate.manifest.json
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate.mmd
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%% balloon target 은 VM Boundary 를 건너 driver 에 닿고 확보한 page 는 같은 경계를 되건너 온다
%% question: Host 가 balloon target 을 바꾸면 그 요청은 어떤 순서로 어느 경계를 건너 Guest 안의 driver 까지 가고, 확보된 page 는 어떻게 Host 로 돌아오는가
sequenceDiagram
participant n0 as virtio-balloon Driver
participant n1 as virtqueue
participant n2 as QEMU virtio-balloon<br/>Device
participant n3 as Host Memory<br/>Management
n3->>n2: Balloon target 조정
n2->>n1: VM Boundary
n1->>n0: Balloon target
n0->>n1: Guest pages 확보
n1->>n2: VM Boundary
n2->>n3: 회수 가능 backing
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate/virtio-balloon-inflate-deflate.svg
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<title id="diagram-title">balloon target 은 VM Boundary 를 건너 driver 에 닿고 확보한 page 는 같은 경계를 되건너 온다</title>
<desc id="diagram-description">참여자는 왼쪽부터 Guest kernel 의 virtio-balloon Driver, virtqueue, QEMU virtio-balloon Device, Host Memory Management 네 개다. 메시지는 위에서 아래로 읽는다. 1번은 Host Memory Management 가 QEMU 쪽 device 에 balloon target 조정을 보내는 것이고, 2번에서 그 요청이 virtqueue 로 내려가면서 VM Boundary 를 넘고, 3번에서 Guest kernel 의 driver 에 balloon target 이 닿는다. 여기서 방향이 바뀐다. 4번에서 driver 가 확보한 Guest page 를 virtqueue 에 올리고, 5번에서 그것이 다시 VM Boundary 를 넘어 QEMU 쪽 device 로 가고, 6번에서 device 가 Host Memory Management 에 회수 가능 backing 으로 넘긴다. target 을 올릴 때와 내릴 때 Guest 가 쓸 수 있는 memory 가 어느 쪽으로 움직이는지는 본문의 표가 맡는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vm-exit-handling-cycle/vm-exit-handling-cycle.alt.md
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# VM Exit 은 KVM 에서 끝나기도 하고 QEMU userspace 까지 가기도 한다
## Alternative text
Guest 에서 VM Exit 으로 KVM 에 닿은 뒤 커널 처리와 QEMU 처리 두 갈래로 갈라졌다가 VM Entry 로 다시 Guest 실행 재개에 모이는 흐름도.
## Long description
왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 읽는다. 왼쪽 끝에 Guest 가 있고 VM Exit 이 KVM 으로 제어권을 넘긴다. KVM 은 Exit Reason 을 확인해 두 갈래 중 하나를 고른다. 커널 안에서 처리할 수 있는 Exit 은 Kernel 쪽 KVM 커널 처리로 가고, userspace 처리가 필요한 Exit 만 KVM_RUN 이 반환되면서 Userspace 쪽 QEMU 로 간다. QEMU 는 필요한 장치 동작을 처리한 뒤 KVM_RUN 을 다시 호출한다. 두 갈래는 오른쪽 끝에서 다시 만나며 어느 쪽이든 VM Entry 를 지나 Guest 실행 재개로 돌아온다. 무엇이 Exit 을 부르는지와 Exit 이 잦을 때 무엇을 함께 보는지는 본문의 표와 문단이 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **Guest** (service): VM Exit 이 나기 직전까지 실행 중이던 Guest. Evidence: L498–L501.
- **KVM** (service): VM Exit 을 받아 Exit Reason 을 확인하고 갈래를 고르는 자리. Evidence: L495–L495, L502–L504.
- **KVM 커널 처리** (service): 커널 안에서 끝낼 수 있는 Exit 을 처리하는 갈래. QEMU 까지 올라가지 않는다. Evidence: L508–L510, L531–L531.
- **QEMU** (service): userspace 처리가 필요한 Exit 에서만 개입하는 갈래. Evidence: L510–L516, L533–L533.
- **Guest 실행 재개** (service): 두 갈래가 다시 만나는 자리. VM Exit 은 VM 종료가 아니라 여기로 돌아온다. Evidence: L521–L524, L529–L529.
## Relationships
- **Guest → KVM:** VM Exit. Evidence: L495–L495, L498–L502.
- **KVM → KVM 커널 처리:** 커널 처리 가능. Evidence: L504–L510, L531–L531.
- **KVM 커널 처리 → Guest 실행 재개:** VM Entry. Evidence: L518–L524, L531–L531.
- **KVM → QEMU:** KVM_RUN return. Evidence: L508–L512, L533–L533.
- **QEMU → Guest 실행 재개:** VM Entry. Evidence: L514–L524, L533–L533.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vm-exit-handling-cycle/vm-exit-handling-cycle.d2
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# VM Exit 은 KVM 에서 끝나기도 하고 QEMU userspace 까지 가기도 한다
# Question: VM Exit 이 난 뒤 제어권은 어디까지 올라갔다가 어떻게 Guest 로 돌아오는가
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vm-exit-handling-cycle/vm-exit-handling-cycle.drawio
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%% VM Exit 은 KVM 에서 끝나기도 하고 QEMU userspace 까지 가기도 한다
%% question: VM Exit 이 난 뒤 제어권은 어디까지 올라갔다가 어떻게 Guest 로 돌아오는가
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<title id="diagram-title">VM Exit 은 KVM 에서 끝나기도 하고 QEMU userspace 까지 가기도 한다</title>
<desc id="diagram-description">왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 읽는다. 왼쪽 끝에 Guest 가 있고 VM Exit 이 KVM 으로 제어권을 넘긴다. KVM 은 Exit Reason 을 확인해 두 갈래 중 하나를 고른다. 커널 안에서 처리할 수 있는 Exit 은 Kernel 쪽 KVM 커널 처리로 가고, userspace 처리가 필요한 Exit 만 KVM_RUN 이 반환되면서 Userspace 쪽 QEMU 로 간다. QEMU 는 필요한 장치 동작을 처리한 뒤 KVM_RUN 을 다시 호출한다. 두 갈래는 오른쪽 끝에서 다시 만나며 어느 쪽이든 VM Entry 를 지나 Guest 실행 재개로 돌아온다. 무엇이 Exit 을 부르는지와 Exit 이 잦을 때 무엇을 함께 보는지는 본문의 표와 문단이 맡는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vms-sharing-one-nvme/vms-sharing-one-nvme.alt.md
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# 가상 머신 둘과 호스트 프로세스가 하나의 NVMe 로 모인다
## Alternative text
VM1 QEMU, VM2 QEMU, Nginx, Host 기타 네 곳에서 나온 화살표가 하나의 Host Block Layer 로 모이고 거기서 NVMe 로 나가는 수렴 흐름도.
## Long description
위쪽에 네 출발점이 나란히 있다. VM1 QEMU 는 WRITE X 와 READ Y, WRITE Z 를 내고 VM2 QEMU 는 READ A 와 WRITE B 를 내며, 그 옆에 호스트의 Nginx 와 다른 프로세스가 있다. 네 갈래가 모두 가운데의 Host Block Layer 하나로 모인다. Host Block Layer 는 그 I/O 가 가상 머신 안에서 시작했는지 호스트 프로세스에서 시작했는지를 본질적으로 구분해 처리하는 계층이 아니라 들어온 것을 모두 Host block request 로 다루고, 그 요청들을 queue 에서 관리해 맨 아래 NVMe 로 dispatch 한다. 여기서 생기는 경쟁이 Storage Contention 이고 CPU 실행 시간을 두고 벌어지는 CPU Contention 과는 다투는 자원이 다르다는 것은 본문 문단이 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **VM1 QEMU** (service): 가상 머신 하나의 QEMU 프로세스. 게스트의 I/O 가 여기서 호스트 파일 I/O 가 된다. Evidence: L7029–L7029, L7041–L7044.
- **VM2 QEMU** (service): 다른 가상 머신의 QEMU 프로세스. Evidence: L7031–L7031, L7046–L7048.
- **Nginx** (service): 호스트에서 직접 도는 프로세스. Evidence: L7033–L7033.
- **Host 기타** (service): 그 밖의 호스트 프로세스. Evidence: L7035–L7038.
- **Host Block Layer** (service): 어디서 왔는지 구분하지 않고 모두 Host block request 로 다루는 계층. queue 에서 관리해 device 로 내보낸다. Evidence: L7031–L7031, L7017–L7022, L7054–L7054, L7058–L7060.
- **NVMe** (device): 네 갈래가 결국 함께 쓰는 하나의 물리 device. Evidence: L7031–L7031, L7019–L7019, L7066–L7069.
## Relationships
- **VM1 QEMU → Host Block Layer:** data. Evidence: L7029–L7031.
- **VM2 QEMU → Host Block Layer:** data. Evidence: L7031–L7031.
- **Nginx → Host Block Layer:** data. Evidence: L7031–L7033.
- **Host 기타 → Host Block Layer:** data. Evidence: L7031–L7035.
- **Host Block Layer → NVMe:** dispatch. Evidence: L7031–L7031, L7054–L7054.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vms-sharing-one-nvme/vms-sharing-one-nvme.d2
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# 가상 머신 둘과 호스트 프로세스가 하나의 NVMe 로 모인다
# Question: 서로 다른 곳에서 시작한 I/O 는 어디에서 하나로 모여 device 로 나가는가
direction: down
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n4: "Host Block Layer" {
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n5: "NVMe" {
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vms-sharing-one-nvme/vms-sharing-one-nvme.drawio
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vms-sharing-one-nvme/vms-sharing-one-nvme.manifest.json
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vms-sharing-one-nvme/vms-sharing-one-nvme.mmd
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%% 가상 머신 둘과 호스트 프로세스가 하나의 NVMe 로 모인다
%% question: 서로 다른 곳에서 시작한 I/O 는 어디에서 하나로 모여 device 로 나가는가
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/vms-sharing-one-nvme/vms-sharing-one-nvme.svg
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<title id="diagram-title">가상 머신 둘과 호스트 프로세스가 하나의 NVMe 로 모인다</title>
<desc id="diagram-description">위쪽에 네 출발점이 나란히 있다. VM1 QEMU 는 WRITE X 와 READ Y, WRITE Z 를 내고 VM2 QEMU 는 READ A 와 WRITE B 를 내며, 그 옆에 호스트의 Nginx 와 다른 프로세스가 있다. 네 갈래가 모두 가운데의 Host Block Layer 하나로 모인다. Host Block Layer 는 그 I/O 가 가상 머신 안에서 시작했는지 호스트 프로세스에서 시작했는지를 본질적으로 구분해 처리하는 계층이 아니라 들어온 것을 모두 Host block request 로 다루고, 그 요청들을 queue 에서 관리해 맨 아래 NVMe 로 dispatch 한다. 여기서 생기는 경쟁이 Storage Contention 이고 CPU 실행 시간을 두고 벌어지는 CPU Contention 과는 다투는 자원이 다르다는 것은 본문 문단이 맡는다.</desc>
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/write-completion-boundaries/write-completion-boundaries.alt.md
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# fsync() 의 요구가 물리 storage 까지 내려가는 사슬
## Alternative text
PostgreSQL 의 fsync() 가 Guest Filesystem, Guest Block Layer, virtio-blk, QEMU / Backend, Host Storage Stack 을 차례로 지나 Physical Storage 에 닿는 위에서 아래로 읽는 흐름도.
## Long description
위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 PostgreSQL 이 fsync() 를 부르고 그 요구가 Guest Filesystem 으로 내려간다. Guest Block Layer 에서 FLUSH 등의 요청으로 바뀌고, virtio-blk 를 지나 VM 경계를 넘어 QEMU / Backend 로 간다. 거기서 Host Storage Stack 을 지나 맨 아래 Physical Storage 까지 그 의미가 전달되어야 완료가 성립한다. 여섯 번 손이 바뀌는 동안 한 곳이라도 그 의미를 지키지 않으면 게스트가 받은 완료 응답이 거짓이 된다. write() 완료와 writeback 완료, fsync/flush 완료, 전원 장애에도 안전한 durability 가 서로 다르다는 구분은 본문의 코드블록이 맡는다.
## Elements and evidence
- **PostgreSQL** (service): 필요한 시점에 fsync() 를 불러 영속성 경계까지 반영을 요청하는 게스트 프로세스. Evidence: L6742–L6742, L6726–L6734.
- **Guest Filesystem** (service): fsync() 요구를 처음 받는 게스트 파일시스템. Evidence: L6746–L6746.
- **Guest Block Layer** (service): 요구를 FLUSH 등의 block 요청으로 바꾸는 계층. Evidence: L6749–L6751.
- **virtio-blk** (service): 그 요청을 VM 경계 너머로 옮기는 게스트 driver. Evidence: L6753–L6753.
- **QEMU / Backend** (service): 요청을 받아 호스트 쪽 파일 I/O 나 block I/O 로 잇는 자리. Evidence: L6756–L6756, L6686–L6686.
- **Host Storage Stack** (service): 호스트 Page Cache 와 파일시스템, Block Layer 가 놓인 구간. Evidence: L6759–L6759, L6688–L6692.
- **Physical Storage** (store): 요구가 여기까지 전달되어야 정전 이후 생존을 말할 수 있다. Evidence: L6762–L6765, L6729–L6729.
## Relationships
- **PostgreSQL → Guest Filesystem:** fsync(). Evidence: L6744–L6746.
- **Guest Filesystem → Guest Block Layer:** control. Evidence: L6746–L6749.
- **Guest Block Layer → virtio-blk:** FLUSH 등. Evidence: L6751–L6753.
- **virtio-blk → QEMU / Backend:** control. Evidence: L6753–L6756.
- **QEMU / Backend → Host Storage Stack:** control. Evidence: L6756–L6759.
- **Host Storage Stack → Physical Storage:** control. Evidence: L6759–L6765.
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/write-completion-boundaries/write-completion-boundaries.d2
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# fsync() 의 요구가 물리 storage 까지 내려가는 사슬
# Question: 게스트가 fsync() 를 부르면 그 요구는 어느 계층까지, 몇 번 손이 바뀌어 내려가야 하는가
direction: down
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/write-completion-boundaries/write-completion-boundaries.drawio
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docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/write-completion-boundaries/write-completion-boundaries.mmd
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%% fsync() 의 요구가 물리 storage 까지 내려가는 사슬
%% question: 게스트가 fsync() 를 부르면 그 요구는 어느 계층까지, 몇 번 손이 바뀌어 내려가야 하는가
flowchart TB
n0["PostgreSQL"]
n1["Guest Filesystem"]
n2["Guest Block Layer"]
n3["virtio-blk"]
n4["QEMU / Backend"]
n5["Host Storage Stack"]
n6["Physical Storage"]
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n1 --> n2
n2 -->|"FLUSH 등"| n3
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n4 --> n5
n5 --> n6
docs/virtualization/final/assets/diagrams/write-completion-boundaries/write-completion-boundaries.svg
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<desc id="diagram-description">위에서 아래로 읽는다. 맨 위 PostgreSQL 이 fsync() 를 부르고 그 요구가 Guest Filesystem 으로 내려간다. Guest Block Layer 에서 FLUSH 등의 요청으로 바뀌고, virtio-blk 를 지나 VM 경계를 넘어 QEMU / Backend 로 간다. 거기서 Host Storage Stack 을 지나 맨 아래 Physical Storage 까지 그 의미가 전달되어야 완료가 성립한다. 여섯 번 손이 바뀌는 동안 한 곳이라도 그 의미를 지키지 않으면 게스트가 받은 완료 응답이 거짓이 된다. write() 완료와 writeback 완료, fsync/flush 완료, 전원 장애에도 안전한 durability 가 서로 다르다는 구분은 본문의 코드블록이 맡는다.</desc>
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